Peru's new president faces daunting tasks after being sworn

LIMA, Peru — Ollanta Humala, the leftist military man who won Peru's presidency after abandoning a radical platform, promised in his inaugural address Thursday to make his priority the one in three Peruvians still mired in poverty.

The 49-year-old former army lieutenant colonel charted a plan for spreading the wealth from Peru's mineral boom beyond Lima, where it has been concentrated among a small elite, to long-neglected hinterlands.

"Peru's peasants and the poor in the countryside in general will be the priority," Humala said in remarks before a newly installed Congress and dignitaries who included 11 presidents, almost all from South America.

He quoted South Africa's anti-apartheid hero and former president, Nelson Mandela, in arguing there can be no democracy where misery and "social asymmetry" persist.

Humala's will be a daunting juggling act: He also signaled his intention to maintain the business status quo and honor all international pacts, including a raft of free-trade agreements enacted by his predecessors.

To reassure foreign investors, Humala retained the incumbent central bank chief, Julio Velarde, and named as finance minister Luis Miguel Castilla, a deputy finance minister for the past year and a half in the outgoing government of President Alan Garcia.

The Cabinet is dominated by moderate technocrats but also includes, as culture minister, the renowned singer Susana Baca. She is Peru's first black Cabinet member.

Humala didn't explain how he planned to pay for the generous social programs he catalogued Thursday, most of which he promised during the campaign, though he has said he intends to seek taxes on windfall mining profits.

The pledges include modest old-age pensions for Peruvians at age 65, beginning with the neediest; raising the minimum monthly wage in two stages from $218 to $270 by next year; free preschools in Peru's poorest districts, college scholarships for top-performing needy students and building hospitals in 50 cities where they're lacking. The first minimum wage increase — $27 — is slated for next month.

Humala also promised to invest in public transportation in the traffic-choked capital of Lima; to expand highways and railways; to rebuild Peru's merchant marine and to re-establish a national airline. Aeroperu went bankrupt in 1999.

He said he would dedicate more natural gas from the Camisea field for domestic use rather than export, and has promised to lower natural gas prices, though he did not mention a target price.

Humala won't have an easy time in Congress, where his party has just 47 of 130 seats and will have to depend on lawmakers from the Peru Posible party of former President Alejandro Toledo for a majority.

Humala’s history as a revolutionary is well documented, in 2000 he lead a successful uprising against the President at the time Alberto Fujimori who was accused and later convicted of multiple corruption charges and is currently serving twenty five years in prison. The catalyst for the revolution was the return of former Intelligence Chief Vladimiro Montesinos who had fled Peru for Panama after being caught bribing an opposition congressman to switch sides to the ruling party, his return indicating to Humala that Montesinos still had considerable influence within the government of the day. The subsequent investigations into Montesinos provided a litany of illegal activities including involvement drug trafficking and the smuggling of firearms. Alberto Fujimori was convicted of human rights abuses, murder and kidnapping charges, among others. Following the revelations Humala was pardoned by congress and free to resume his role in the military, after which he retired in 2004 and became leader of the National Party of Peru in 2005.

Keiko Fujimori, daughter of Alberto Fujimori, was running against Humala in the election, which was only narrowly won by Humala with 51.49% of the vote. Humala has acknowledged that to accomplish his goals in office he needs to work with all sides of the congress as his party lacks a majority in the house, however he caused controversy during the swearing in by promising to abide by the constitution of 1979 and not the revised 1993 model created by Alberto Fujimori, sparking outrage from the opposition party. Humala has set ambitious goals for Peru in the coming years and has already begun to deliver on some of the promises he made during the campaign, one of his first acts in office has been the raise the minimum wage to a monthly 750 soles, which is equivalent to $275US, and announced a pension plan for all over the age of 65.

Other policies to be put in place are to supply Peruvian natural gas to Peruvians as a priority and then to be exported, mediate over 200 conflicts in rural areas, fight drug trafficking by replacing cocaine fields with coca, honour all previous international pacts and free trade agreements that we enacted under the previous government, invest in public transport and re-establish the defunct national airline Aeroperu which ceased in 1993. All while continuing to keep a strong economy, which he plans to maintain by modernizing Peru’s agricultural industry.

Newmont expects talks on higher royalties in Peru

Newmont Mining Corporation NEM -3.67% ("Newmont" or the "Company") today announced that its second quarter 2011 attributable net income from continuing operations increased 37% to $523 million ($1.06 per share)(1) compared to $382 million ($0.78 per share) in the second quarter of 2010. Adjusted net income(2) increased 18% to $445 million ($0.90 per share) in the second quarter of 2011, from $377 million ($0.77 per share) in the second quarter of 2010.

As previously announced, based on the Company's average realized gold price of $1,501 per ounce for the second quarter of 2011, Newmont's Board of Directors approved a third quarter 2011 gold price-linked dividend of $0.30 per share(3), an increase of 50% over the $0.20 dividend paid in the second quarter of 2011, and an increase of 100% over the $0.15 dividend paid in the third quarter of 2010.

Second Quarter Highlights:

Consolidated revenue of $2.4 billion, an increase of 11% from the prior year quarter;

Average realized gold and copper price of $1,501 per ounce and $3.78 per pound, up 25% and 62%, respectively, from the prior year quarter;

Attributable gold and copper production of 1.2 million ounces and 44 million pounds, down 5% and 45%, respectively, from the prior year quarter, impacted by processing lower grade stockpiles at Batu Hijau and lower grade ore at Nevada;

Operating cash flow from continuing operations of $414 million, 45% lower than the prior year quarter due primarily to approximately $300 million in tax payments in Indonesia related to 2010 earnings;

Gold and copper costs applicable to sales ("CAS")of $583 per ounce and $1.34 per pound, respectively ($588 per ounce and $1.41 per pound, respectively, on an attributable basis(4));

Net attributable CAS(4) for gold of $499 per ounce; and

Maintaining 2011 outlook for production, CAS, and capital expenditures.

Newmont does expect there will be discussions about higher mining royalties, O'Brien told analysts on a conference call.

“I think it will be industry wide. And I think we have a pretty good sense of what that will be, and we've incorporated it into our economics,” he said.

“I won't tell you what our assumption is, but we have made some assumptions,” O'Brien said.

Newmont has been operating in Peru for decades, “through several changes of not just presidents but political styles”, he commented.

The company also takes a longer term view of its investment decision, beyond the current political climate, because the Conga project is expected to be in production for some 20 to 30 years, he said.

Newmont's annual attributable production from the Conga mine in the first five years is forecast at 300 000 oz to 350 000 oz of gold and 80-million to 120-million pounds of copper, at estimated costs of $400 to $450/oz of gold and $1.25/ob to $1.75/ob of copper in the same period.

Production is expected to start up in late 2014 or early 2015.

Newmont and Buenaventura already operate the Yanacocha mine in Peru.

Newmont, which has mines in the US, Australia, Peru, Indonesia, Ghana, Canada, New Zealand and Mexico, reported second-quarter adjusted net income of $445-million, 18% higher than a year earlier, after higher gold and copper prices offset lower production and increased costs.

Ollanta Humala sworn in as Peru president

Lima,. This year's military parade marking the 190th independence anniversary of Peru opened after the arrival of recently sworn-in President Ollanta Humala at Brasil Avenue in the capital Lima.

Humala, who is wearing the presidential sash, received the military honors according to his high investiture and then reviewed the troops accompanied by Defense Minister Daniel Mora upon his arrival at the main stand.

The ceremony began with the hoisting of the Peruvian flag and all attendees sang the national anthem immediately after.

The event, which is held every year on July 29, is attended by ministers, senior political, military and religious authorities, and representatives of member countries of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur), as well as hundreds of people.

The parade pays tribute to Peruvian Armed Forces for its contribution to the country, and at the same time, is an opportunity to inspire patriotism and love of country.

His decision to keep Julio Velarde as the president of the Central Bank and name Luís Miguel Castillo — a respected technocrat and the former second-in-command at the Ministry of Finance — to the top economy job, won applause from the private sector.

“He has surprised us, not only with his statements — that point to sound economic policies — but by naming people to his economic cabinet that are believers in the free market,” said César Peñaranda, the director of the Institute for Economy and Business Development.

But there will certainly be fights ahead, as Humala has vowed to raise the minimum wage, expand the country’s pension program and raise taxes on one of the nation’s primary economic engines: mining.

During the contentious campaign, Humala’s opponents demonized many of his proposals, accusing him of being willing to hock the nation’s wealth to emulate Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s social programs.

But any fears that Humala might move the country sharply left should be assuaged by his actions since he won the June 5 election, said Erasto Almeida, an analyst with the New York-based Eurasia Group.

Andahuaylas

Andahuaylas is a Peruvian city, capital of the Andahuaylas Province. It is known as the pradera de los celajes, the prairie of colored clouds. It's approximate population of 34,000 inhabitants makes it the second largest city in the region after the region's capital Abancay.

Andahuyalas is located in the western part of the Apurímac Region. The nearest city is Cusco.

Mototaxis on the central square

Andahuaylas is served by its own airport named the Andahuaylas Airport.

Andahuaylas Airport

Andahuaylas Airport  is an airport serving Andahuaylas, Peru. It is an important airport in the Apurímac Region as being the only one with scheduled commercial flights. It is operated by the civil government. Apart from its scheduled flights, it also has many charter flights.

Education in Peru

Education in Peru is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national educational policy. According to the Constitution, education is compulsory and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels. It is also free in public universities for students who are unable to pay tuition and have an adequate academic performance. As of 2008, various institutions such as UNESCO, World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank have stated that Peru has the best education system in Latin America  and that primary, secondary, and superior education attendance rates were the highest in Latin America.

History

Education in the pre-Inca cultures

No written or oral records exist of an organized educational system in the pre-Inca cultures. However, the demonstrated level of evolution of these cultures indirectly suggests the existence of an educational system. Each culture developed an ideal way of training people for their own competitive interests and particular specializations. Such training and education could explain the metalwork, ceramics, and textiles that have survived to this day, which were produced with techniques which had been passed down and perfected, and have unfortunately been lost with the conquering of many other cultures.

Education in the Incan empire

Formal education according to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Book II, chapter XIX) was founded by Inca Roca, and spread by Pachacútec, the ninth Sapa Inca. This education was exclusively designed for the royal elite, and later for the sons of conquered chiefs. At this level, they were educated to become administrators and leaders. The teachers were Amautas, men well-versed in philosophy and morality. The education was strict and punishment was used. The curriculum was based in mathematics and astronomy, both necessary for an economic system based in agriculture. Learning Quechua was mandatory, more for political than educational reasons.

Education in the Viceroyalty of Peru

In the colony, it was deemed necessary to instruct the conquered people in the doctrines of Roman Catholicism, and transform them into loyal subjects. They began re-educating the native adults and providing instruction to the children and youth, indoctrinating and educating them in the rudiments of European social life to use them to benefit the State. This was called elementary education, as there were other institutes, such as the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (founded on May 12, 1551), which was accessible only to those of the aristocratic class, people with political and economic power; "middle school," where they educated the Creoles, Mestizos, and some wealthy merchants; and "colegio de caciques" (or "college of chiefs"), which was established in 1536 and ran until it was abolished by Simón Bolívar. However, the native population in general did not have access to formal education, only informal education. The education of the time was predominantly religious, and run by different religious orders and priests.

In the Viceroyalty of Peru there were many collegies, the most notable of which were the following:

Colegio Máximo de San Pablo de Lima, run by the Jesuits in Lima, founded in 1568. In this school one could study art, philosophy, and the native languages of Peru.

Colegio Mayor de San Felipe y San Marcos, the school for the sons of the conquistadors, led by priests of the Archdiocese of Lima and founded by Viceroy Toledo in 1575.

Colegio Real de San Martín, founded by Viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almansa in 1582, where case law was studied.

San Idelfonso, run by the Augustinians.

San Antonio de Abad (Cusco), from which the university originated.

Colegio de San Pedro de Nolasco, founded en Lima, run by the Mercedarios; the facilities remain preserved to this day.

El Colegio del Príncipe, established by Royal Decree of King Carlos III after the expulsion of the Jesuits, was the former "college of chiefs" of the native nobility, created during the reign of Viceroy Francisco de Borja y Aragón Príncipe de Esquilache in Lima. Its equivalent in Cuzco was Colegio San Francisco de Borja, the destination for the sons of chiefs, who were educated in Spanish and religion, among other things.

Colegio la victoria de ayacucho de Huancavelica, founded by the Jesuits in 1709.

Colegio de la Villa de Moquega, founded in 1711 by the Jesuits.

Colegio de Ica, founded in 1719 by the Jesuits.

Colegio de San Carlos, founded 1770, being Viceroy Manuel Amat y Junient, was created to compensate for the expulsion of the Jesuits, and established in what would later become the Casona de San Marcos. It was in this college that Don Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza y Fray Diego Cisneros would begin the movement for educational reform.

Santo Tomás, run by the Dominicans.

San Buenaventura, run by the Franciscan Order.

Structure of the Educational System

Legislation

The following laws apply to the Peruvian educational system:

General de Educación

Universitaria Nº 23733

Promoción de la Inversión Privada en Educación Nº 882" law

Sistema Nacional de Evaluación, Certificación y Acreditación de la Calidad Educativa. Nº28741

Educational Levels

Early Education

This education begins from age three, and exists to maximize the periods of a child's development in which a child easily assimilates determined learning. It is important to know how to focus the educational effort for each stage of a child's development to offer the greatest benefit and opportunities. In early education, the child controls his or her own learning with the assistance of internal and external agents which offer optimal conditions for realizing his or her capabilities.

The objective of early education is to promote the development of the child through a rights-based approach with the involvement of the parents (internal agents), people close to the child, educators (external agents), implementing early education centres with strategies based on free play and the role of children.

Primary School

The student begins in the first cycle, which consists of the first and second grade. The age of the children entering this stage of their education is six years. This level begins at first grade, and ends with sixth grade and is divided, for curricular purposes, into three cycles: cycle one (first and second grade), cycle two (third and fourth grade), and cycle three (fifth and sixth grade); after sixth grade, the student passes on to secondary school. Additionally, there are decision-making systems available for the parents to determine whether they want to send their child to public or private school.

Secondary School

Secondary school consists of five years, from first to fifth year.

Higher Education

Higher education in Peru consists of technological colleges, both public and private. They offer courses lasting three years (approximately 3,000 hours of study), graduating with a title as Technical Professionals. Some courses may be four years in length (approximately 4,000 hours of study), and a student would graduate with the title of Professional.

University Education

Higher education in the form of universities began in Peru with the establishment of the Universidad Nacional Major de San Marcos by the Royal Decree issued by King Carlos V on the 12th of May in 1551. The institute opened as the Sala Capitular del Convento de Santo Domingo in 1553. In 1571, it obtained Papal approval and in 1574 it received the name of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The precursor to the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, the "Estudio General o Universidad," was established in Cusco by the Dominicans on July 1, 1548. This institution was responsible for teaching evangelists for the new lands, and taught scripture, theology, grammar, and the Quechuan language.

Non-university Education

In Peru, non-university education is provided by technological institutions, educational institutions, technical production education centres, and other facilities. These institutions are under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, which is responsible for providing their operating licenses.

3,600 students in Trujillo, Peru to protect tourist sites

Students from Huancavelica National University in central Peru remain on strike despite concessions by the government in a conflict that has left three people dead, hundreds injured and several regional government buildings sacked and burned to the ground.

Since mid-June clashes have erupted between the people and students of Huancavelica.

The strike continues despite guarantees by the outgoing government of President Alan García that their university will not share budget, premises and teachers with the newly-created National Autonomous University of Tayacaja, which has been criticised as a hastily built pork-barrel project.

After winning the battle over their institution's resources, Huancavelica National University (HNU) students have turned against what they claim is a corrupt and inept administration. The resignation on 6 July of Rector Yda Camposano seems to have not solved matters.

Students are now calling for HNU to be completely restructured. Many teachers, however, say restructuring would be counterproductive. The final decision on how to proceed is now in the hands of an investigative team from the National Assembly of Rectors (NAR), which arrived in Huancavelica on 14 July.

A radio report from Huancavelica seems to have added fuel to the fire by reporting that the HNU had faired poorly in a just-released ranking by a national NGO that measures the transparency of Peru's public universities.

Huancavelica is only one of several conflicts in Peru related to the creation of new universities. Thirteen new public universities have been launched in the past five years. These have been added to the existing 35 public and 65 private universities.

Angelica Villanueva Guerrero, regional tourism deputy, stated that between April and June, fourth and fifth year students had been trained across 40 high schools in the city.

According to the report in Andina, Guerrero said that training would be divided into phases. In the first, the students would receive training that emphasized the importance of tourism, explaining the main attractions in the city and raising awareness of environmental conservation.

Then, she said, students would visit the main attractions in the city, including the Temples of the Sun and the Moon, the Chan Chan archeological zone, as well as old colonial houses and churches in the city.

The last stage of training, will involve the creation of a tourism club, which would be in charge of continuing the work done.

Trujillo, Peru

Trujillo, in northwestern Peru, is the capital of the La Libertad Region, and the third largest city in Peru. The urban area has 811,979 inhabitants and is an economic hub in northern Peru. The city is located at the banks of the Moche River, near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean, in a valley of great cultural hegemony.

While it may be conceived as a single city, Trujillo is not a single administrative unit; rather, it is the core or center of a major metropolitan area that covers an area of 110,000 ha, and consists of 9 municipalities in the province, of which 5 are completely metropolitan area, while the remaining 4 are partially. The metropolitan area has a population of more than 804,000 inhabitants, the third most populous of Peru.

Founding dates for the city differ. One account credits the Spanish conquistador Diego de Almagro with founding it on December 6, 1534 and calling it Nova Castile Trujillo. The area had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. Its founding is also attributed to the Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro on March 5, 1535, the date when it was established within the Viceroyalty of Peru.

For its role in the fight for independence, Trujillo was honored with the title "Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland", The birthplace of Peru's judiciary, and it was twice designated as the capital of the country. It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932.

Trujillo is known as the "City of Eternal Spring", "National Marinera Capital" and "Culture Capital of Peru". It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events, and has a lively arts community. Current festivals include the "National Marinera Contest", the "International Festival of Spring" and the "International Book Fair. which is one of the most important cultural events in the country.

Trujillo is close to two major archaeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments: Chan Chan, the largest adobe city in the ancient world, designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986; and the temples of the Sun (the largest adobe pyramid in Peru) and Moon.

Climate

Trujillo has an extremely dry desert climate with an average temperature of 21°C (70°F). The summers can reach temperatures over 32°C (90°F) and the winters are never colder than 14°C (57°F). Most of the year, the temperature stays in the low to mid twenties.

This city is known as La Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera (The City of Eternal Spring), because of its sunny and pleasant weather year-round. The International Spring Festival in early October attracts visitors from all over Peru and the world.

Economy

In the 19th century, the city of Trujillo greatly expanded due to extensive irrigated agriculture, with high production and profits from the sugarcane industry. Today, asparagus, rice and shoes are the area's main products.

The irrigated lands of the Moche River Valley produce sugarcane, rice, and asparagus. Industries in the city include the sugar refineries, knitting mills, breweries and the shoe industry. Among the internationally known products of Trujillo, asparagus is exported to neighboring countries, Europe and the United States. The areas around Trujillo are among the largest exporters of white asparagus in the world. Peru is the world’s leading exporter of asparagus, followed by China and Mexico .

Trujillo is the most important economic center of northern Peru; it is an inland commercial and transport center for the surrounding farming areas. Its numerous shopping malls, supermarkets, department stores, and similar amenities make Trujillo a modern city.

Demographics

Trujillo is the third most populous city in Peru, with a population of over 800,000 in the metropolitan area as of 2007. The city has 49.69% of the population of La Libertad Region and 2.9% of the total of Peru.

During 2000's Trujillo , suffered a wave of crime, became the most dangerous city in Peru.

Tourism

Tourism is a major industry in Trujillo, due to the city's proximity to important sites where the Moche and Chimu civilizations evolved. These civilizations had highly skilled artisans, and many of their artifacts having been found during archaeological digs in the city. Nearby ruins include the Chimu adobe city of Chan Chan, the world's largest city built from that material. It is sometimes called Ciudad de la Luna (City of the Moon) because the people worshipped the moon; or de las Largas Murallas (of the Long Walls). In size and complexity, it has been compared with Teotihuacan in Mexico, and the ancient cities of Egypt. Other nearby ruins are the Moche ruins of Huaca del Sol, Huaca de la Luna, and El Brujo.

Trujillo aspires to be designated a World Heritage Site, because of the proximity of both cultures and its historical colonial city centre, whose historic casonas (mansions) attract many visitors. The mansions and manors of Trujillo are distinguished for their solemn and austere facades. Inside, their halls are overflowing with ornaments.

Trujillo's wrought-iron window railings are a unique feature of the mansions. The House of Ganoza-Chopitea (casa Ganoza) has a polychromatic front in the baroque style, crowned by a rococo frontispiece and two lions. It is the city's most representative example of casonas architecture. Another is the House of Mayorazgo, which was built in the early years of the city and holds one of Peru's greatest numismatic collections. The revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar lived in a house on the Plaza de Armas.

The world-famous beach Huanchaco, a surfing destination, is located just north of Trujillo.

Trujillo's restaurants offer a wide variety of local food, such as shambar, mostly served on Mondays; ceviche, sopa teologa and cabrito.

Transportation

The city is connected to all the main coastal cities by the Pan-American Highway. Important to the city's transportation network is the Cap. FAP Carlos Martínez de Pinillos International Airport.

The port towns of Salaverry and Chicama (Puerto Malabrigo) are used for maritime connection with the world.

Missions

Peru Mission is a missions/church-planting organization representing North American Reformed and Presbyterian denominations including the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). The organization has planted or revitalized five churches in Trujillo, specifically in the historic center of Trujillo (Iglesia Presbiteriana "Cristo Rey"), as well as the districts of Wichanzao (Iglesia Presbiteriana Wichanzao), Manuel Arevalo (Arevalo Presbyterian Church), and Parque Industrial (Iglesia Presbiteriana "Redentor"). The Wichanzao Parish Medical Clinic, Sinergia Microfinance Bank, Parish Woodship, San Agustín Language Institute, and the Saint Augustin Society (university ministry) are other ministries of Peru Mission.

Education

There are many higher education institutions. Trujillo is home to the majority of the universities and vocational institutes in northern Peru. The most recognized universities are the National University of Trujillo, one of the most important universities in Perú, which was created on May 10, 1824 by Simon Bolivar.

Other well-known universities are Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego; Universidad Privada Cesar Vallejo; Universidad Alas Peruanas;Universidad Privada del Norte, which belongs to Laurete International University of Laureate Education Inc. being the second International University in Peru; the archdiocesan seminary; the Universidad Católica de Trujillo; and Universidad Privada de Trujillo.

Notable natives and residents

César Vallejo, poet, lived in Trujillo from 1910 to 1917.

Antenor Orrego, First peruvian political philosopher, lived in Trujillo from 1910 to 1940.

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, political leader who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA).1924.

Teofilo Tinoco Caballero, lawyer and professor, born in Trujillo, lived from 1917 to 1994.

Luis Banchero Rossi, chemical-industrial engineer(UNT,1950), He was the most important peruvian businessman in s.XX. He lived in

Trujillo from 1940 to 1955.

Milly Ahon, marinera dancer, she created original style in marinera dance. She was first marinera's queen in 1960. Now she is mayor

at Escuela de Folklore Jose Maria Arguedas in Lima.

Maria Julia Mantilla, Miss World 2004

Henry Ian Cusick, Emmy-nominated actor.

Teodoro Rivero Ayllón, writer and professor.

History

Trujillo was one of the first cities founded by Spanish conquerors in the Americas. On December 6, 1534, Diego de Almagro founded the city under the name of "Villa Trujillo," in honour of his leader Francisco Pizarro's birthplace, Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain. On 23 November 1537, King Charles I of Spain gave the town the rank of 'city' and the coat of arms that remains a symbol for the city. It was founded among four Chimù settlements: Huanchaco, Huamán, Moche & Mampuesto, to create an alliance against the Incas.

In 1619, an earthquake destroyed the city. Years later, in 1624, a new period of development began with the rebuilding of palaces. The Jesuits opened a seminary and school for education and the training of priests; they also served as missionaries to the indigenous peoples.

The city played a significant role in the struggle against Spanish rule. It was the first important city of Peru that proclaimed its independence of Spain in 1820, and it served as temporary capital of Peru in 1825. It was the headquarters of the revolutionary leader Simon Bolívar.

For a short period under Jose Bernardo de Tagle, Trujillo declared independence from the rest of Peru.

Alerta

Alerta is a city in the Ucayali Region of Peru. It is located very close to the border with the Madre de Dios Region. It is located 696 km (435 mi) from the regions capital, Pucallpa.

It is served by the Alerta Airport.

Alerta Airport

Alerta Airport is a small regional airport serving Alerta, a city in the Ucayali Region of Peru. It is not currently served by any scheduled airline but rather by many private and charter flights but this might change in the nearby future. It is located in the jungle. It rarely has charter flights to Brazil.

Tumbes Regional Tourism Showcase

In the border town of Tumbes (Peru), Ecuador opened last Friday showcase tourism "destinations without borders 2011."

The showcase aims to increase the number of international tourists from northern Peru to southern Ecuador, and consolidate a process of promoting tourism in the neighboring country.

For this purpose, the Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador, through its regional directorates and Austro southern border, in coordination with the Consulate of Ecuador in Tumbes and Piura, presented the most important tourism resources and products to capture the interest of the tourist market Peru.

"We are all the same, with minute differences, separated by an imaginary boundary line that unites us rather than separate," said Tourism Minister Freddy Ehlers opened the showcase tour.

Within each province of the Cabinet showed the various attractions that exist in the cantons, the gastronomy, Folk and traditional dances, and arts and crafts that are made in each region.

After the opening ceremony were presented traditional dances with the participation of different groups such as Sisarina Paute Sumak, Capacñan Loja and Machala Folk Ballet, while the audience could also see the exhibition of products in the stands, where he could enjoy some Typical snacks and tourist information of each place through magazines, postcards, brochures, maps and more.

At lunchtime there was a tasting, gastronomic shows Ecuadorian typical food of the province of Azuay and oven, mote pillo, mote dirty leather potatoes, grilled meats, and drinks like Rosero Yaguana and canelazo. In the province of Zamora Chinchipe, could try chicha tilapia and frog, fried plantains and sauces, and to complete the tour of the cuisine is presented Loja dishes as the chicken and sausage cuyada.

To complete the Tourism Showcase was held the night of integration Ecuador Peru, where presentations of dances, fireworks show and artistic interventions, closing with a flourish Cuenca Arje the band, which put rhythm to the night.

Cap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodríguez Airport

Capitán FAP Pedro Canga Rodríguez Airport (IATA: TBP, ICAO: SPME) is an airport serving Tumbes, Peru. It is run by CORPAC S.A. (Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial S.A.), a government-run organization that oversees the management of Peruvian airports, and is the main airport of the Tumbes Region. The airport is used mainly by Tumbesinos and thousands of national and international travelers because of its proximity to Peru's most superb beaches and resorts.

It is currently served only by LAN Perú, but Spanish airline Iberia Airlines has expressed interest in operating direct charter flights from Europe to the airport, and American airline Continental Airlines from the United States.

Tumbes, Peru

Tumbes is a city in northwestern Peru, on the banks of the Tumbes River. It is the capital of the Tumbes Region, as well as of Tumbes Province and Tumbes District. Located near the border with Ecuador, Tumbes has 94,702 inhabitants. It is served by the Cap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodriguez Airport.

Spanish invasion

Tumbes was first visited by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro during the start of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1528. Pizarro made a second expedition in 1532 during which he encountered resistance from the curaca (chieftain) Chilimaza in what became known as the Battle of the Manglares. Pizarro was eventually successful and is said to have planted a cross in the invaded territory as a sign of Hispanic victory. Felipillo and Yacané, the first South American Indigenous interpreters who later aided Pizarro and his followers during the conquest of Peru, were born in Tumbes.

Colony and independence

During its colonial period, Tumbes was sparsely populated and formed a part of the Audiencia of Quito through an unmodified Cedula of 1563 and Cedula of 1740. When Tumbes declared its independence from Spain it opted to join Peru believing in the right of free determination of peoples. First, the Republic of the Gran Colombia challenged that right and then Ecuador claiming de jure rights through unmodified colonial Royal Decrees ( Real Cédulas ), but to no avail. The Protocol of Rio de Janerio signed in 1942 with Ecuador legally confirmed Peru's previously de facto rights over Tumbes after a victorious war. However, lasting peace between both countries was not achieved until 1992, after a final conflict. Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Ecuadorian Presidente Jamil Mahuad signed a final document in which Ecuador accepted Perú's right over Tumbes and other territories claimed by Ecuador until then.

History

Tumbes has its origins back in pre-Inca times when it was inhabited by a cultural group of natives called Tumpis. At its peak, its population is estimated to have reached 178,000. After 1400, Inca Pachacuti ruled over Tumbes and the territory became an important political stronghold during the Inca Empire. Later Inca emperor Huayna Capac expanded Tumbes by ordering the construction of roads, houses and palaces.

Ambulantes saldrán del Mercado Central y la Av. Abancay

The mayor of Lima, Villarán promised that Abancay Avenue will be free from informal street before Independence Day. A grueling task if one considers that it is the artery where there are more traders who work behind the law. Only in Cercado de Lima street are 7.200, 3.200 of which are formal and informal 4.000. This was announced yesterday by the Public Safety Manager, Gabriel Prado, after implement the plan of reorganization and formalization of street vending. "Hopefully in a week reign of order and security in Abancay Avenue and around Central Market," the official said. supervised areas. From 3 am, a joint team of police officers and 280 1.200 watchmen guarding the intersection of streets Ayacucho and Puno, and the avenues Nicolas de Pierola Andahuaylas and Abancay to the Congress. Prado stressed that only remain those on the street vendors who are authorized and have the respective health card. "The municipality promotes entrepreneurship but in fair condition. So we need immediate action, "he said. According to the metropolitan community,

According to the commune, the goal is to rearrange the street vendors in the capital who do not only lead to more chaos and disorder .

As revealed by portal Terra Gabriel Prado , manager of Public Security of the municipality of Lima, the capital is around 7.200 merchants of which is expected to formalize a 3.600.

Currently there are about 580 temporary licenses to expire and that priority will be given to rectify the situation.

"We are looking to new licenses that meet the requirements of 062 and 201 ordinances regulating street vending in public. Only those traders who remain are authorized, no, must leave the street, "said Prado.

Abancay

Abancay is a city in southern-central Peru. It is the most important city in the Apurímac Region, and is the capital of the Abancay Province.
Abancay is located at an elevation of 2,378 m above sea level in the southern Peruvian Andes, above the Pachachaca River. Because of its famous year-round warm weather, it is known as "The Eternal Spring Valley". The nearest cities are Cusco and Andahuaylas. Abancay is located at the junction of two important Peruvian roads: the Caminos del Inca Road, an old road dating since Incan times, between the cities of Nazca and Cusco, and the Via de los Libertadores, between Ayacucho and Cusco.


Tourism
The Carnival is the town's main celebration festival. It is famous as one of the best Peruvian ethnomusical festivals. It takes place from the last week of February through the first week of March. The comparsas contest and Yunsa games, with people dressing in local traditional costumes fills the city's streets.
The city's surroundings have some beautiful landscapes, such as the Ampay National Sanctuary, a wildlife sanctuary located north of the city, on which Apu Ampay (Mount Ampay, the Lord of Ampay, in the indigenous cosmology) reaches heights of approximately 5,300 meters above sea level; lagoons, waterfalls, wildlife, and the famous Intimpa tree (a unique tropical conifer.)
The Pachachaca River is famous for his colonial bridge and valley where Canyoneering and kayaking can be practiced in one of the best and longest Peruvian locations for it. Remains of The Pachachaca State, an important producer of sugar and brandy during colonial and republican times, is now part of the city.
The Saywite Archeological Site is a famous temple and adoration center dating from of Inca times, located a few kilometers from the city. Therein is the world renowned Saywite Stone. The stone is a roughly spherically-shaped monolith that has a representation of the Inca world. It suggests that the Incas had a much better understanding of astronomy than Europeans used to give them credit for. There is Taxi service from the city.
The Konoc Hot Springs (Cconocc, in Quechua) is a resort located a few kilometers from Saywite and is one of the best places in Peru to enjoy thermal baths from volcanic waters. It is claimed that regular baths in the springs can cure arthritis, asthma, and psoriasis.
Abancay is the gate to the Inca city of Choquequirao, next to the Apurimac River, which is considered as important as Machu Picchu. There is evidence that the real dimensions of the city are much larger than what has been uncovered.


Education,Universities
Abancay, despite its small size, is an important center of higher education. The city is home of one state university Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurimac and two private universities, Universidad Tecnológica de los Andes and Universidad Alas Peruanas. There are also two college level institutions, Escuela Normal La Salle for teachers and education issues, and SENATI for industrial-related training.

History

Abancay was already a populated area before the arrival of the Incas. It was the frontier of the Quechua-Inca influence area to the Chancas, an ethnic native group of Peru. Its name comes from a flower native to the region called Amankay. When the Spanish arrived, they transliterated the word and named the city Abancay, Villa de los Reyes ("Abancay, Town of the Kings"), which was later reduced to Abancay, its current name.

Literary References
This town is the setting of José María Arguedas's novel, Deep Rivers. An important book that gives accounts of the history, traditions and customs of the city is "Alma y Rostro de Abancay", by Guillermo Vidalegut, a local journalist and author.

Uruguay oust Peru to reach final

BUENOS AIRES, Argentina — Uruguay will not rest on their laurels as they prepare to go up against Paraguay in Sunday's Copa America final, says Luis Suarez, semi-final hero against Peru.

The Liverpool forward's brace of goals means the celeste now stand on the threshold of what would be a record 15th title - breaking their current logjam with quarter-final victims Argentina.

"We'll not forget about those titles (but) we are thinking about the present, about carrying on winning. Uruguay are not going to waste time celebrating past achievements and past titles won," said Suarez.

Should the 24-year-old score in Sunday's final he would likely end up as top scorer - he is currently joint-top marksman with Argentina's Sergio Aguero on three goals.

But "being top scorer is not the important thing for me - the main issue is the collective dream of winning the Copa. Personal stuff is secondary to that," insists Suarez.

Suarez, who joined Liverpool from Ajax last season, gives coach Oscar Tabarez much of the credit for transforming Uruguayan fortunes.

Tabarez took over in 2006 and led the side to the World Cup semi-finals last season but the coach himself stressed after the win over Peru that it was laying the groundwork at more junior levels which was the foundation of the team's recent good form, with youngsters coming through the ranks.

"The under20 team has been doing well, qualifying for the London Olympics, while the under17 side were runners-up at their world championship and we were fourth at the World Cup in South Africa. Now we are in the final of the Copa," said Suarez.

Defender Sebastian Coates came through from the under20 side. He has been doing well at the tournament here and says the Tabarez method is paying handsome dividends.

"It was very useful for me to cut my teeth with the under20 team and also important to have played with the under 17s.

Raul Fernandez into a diving save and the ever alert Suarez nipped in to score from a tight angle on the right. Suarez scored again three minutes later when Alvaro Pereira passed from the left and the striker collected the ball, rounded Fernandez on the edge of the box and steered it gently home.

Peru captain Juan Vargas was sent off in the 69th minute for elbowing Uruguay defender Sebastian Coates in the face.

If I were Batista, I’d quit: Maradona

Diego Maradona has said that were he Argentina coach Sergio Batista he would quit following the side's early Copa America exit.

The Argentine Football Association says it will keep Batista on as coach despite their quarter-final loss on penalties to Uruguay - he only succeeded Maradona after last summer's World Cup quarters loss to Germany. But Maradona says that decision is wrong-headed.

"If I had only beaten Costa Rica, (Argentina's sole Copa success) I would have gone of my own accord," Maradona told Radio Belgrano on Tuesday.

"It’s not the fault of the players. Julio Grondona is doing just what he likes," Maradona asserted. Maradona and Batista were teammates in the side which won the 1986 World Cup but the two have been at loggerheads since Batista took over after the former was forced out.

Lima Stock Exchange

Bolsa de Valores de Lima (BVL) is the stock exchange of Peru, situated in the capital Lima. It has several indices. The IGBVL (Indice General Bolsa de Valores) is a value-weighted index that tracks the performance of the largest and most actively traded stocks on the Lima Exchange.

Other indices are ISBVL (Indice Selectivo Bolsa de Valores) and ISP-15

The broad General Index closed 1.91% higher, at 19,831.08.

The blue-chip Selective Index ended 2.02% stronger, at 27,607.49.

Copper miner Sociedad Minera Cerro Verde SAA (CVERDEC1.VL) rose 2.81% to end at $38.06 as copper prices gained.

Base metals miner Southern Copper Corp. (SCCO) increased 5.77% to end at $33.00.

Tin miner Minsur SA (MINSURI1.VL) gained 2.65% to end at 3.49 soles. ($1.27)

Meanwhile, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru intervened in the foreign-exchange market on Thursday to purchase $15 million at an average of PEN2.7424 per U.S. dollar.

The central bank intervenes to smooth out volatility in the exchange market.

The sol closed stronger at PEN2.744 per dollar, compared with PEN2.746 in the previous trading session.